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| Images of invasive bladder cancer |
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| Images of transitional cell carcinoma
invading the wall of the bladder can show various amounts of structure,
depending on their stage. Once the clear demarkation between the
epithelium and lamina propria is lost, it can be difficult to predict
the stage. One can try and identify remnants of lamina propria
(suggesting T1). When no clear lamina propria is seen it still
may be possible to see some structure within the muscularis propria
(suggesting T2). |
The stages of bladder cancer are based on the
depth to which the cancer has invaded. When the cancer is limited
to the epithelium it is stage Ta or CIS/TIS. When the cancer has
invaded only through the basement membrane into the lamina propria or
connective tissue it is stage T1. When the muscularis propria is
involved it is stage T2, and when the cancer reaches to the perivesical
fat it is stage T3. T4 usualy indicates invasion of adjacent
organs. |
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